Composition and processing of Ulva intestinalis from 8 different sites along the Swedish coast Joakim Olsson, joakim.olsson@chalmers.se 2018-09-19 Industrial Biotechnology Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Göteborg, Sweden

Conditions in Sweden 3218 km of coastline Large variation in conditions Salinity Eutrophication Environmental toxins 300 vs 40 species Commercial and research focus on the west coast

Ulva intestinalis Grows around the entire Swedish coast Known as opportunistic Suitable for bulk and high-value applications Fast growth High value compounds (iduronic acid, rhamnose, PUFAs)

Where would cultivation be most beneficial Is the composition different and does it effect processing? What is the potential environmental gain Nutrient removal/Recycling Jag tror det här är viktigt att du poängterar att det vi I vårt arbete med Preemprojektet har identifierat fosforåtervinning som ett nytt spännande forskningsområde och att vi ser stora synergieffekter med Preem-Chalmerssamarbetet för att vi ändå skulle skicka prover till Bath. Cirka 750 ton P/år i alger kan renas bort med en anläggning på100 MW. 400 ton P/år renas bort från Gryyab (Göteborgs vattenreningsverk). Om vi får ersättning för att vi renar vattnet så kan det vara lönsamt att odla alger.

Collection sites 8 locations All major constituents to be measured 3 populations, at least 50g each Collected at end of summer, within 2 weeks All major constituents to be measured Processing trial Hydrothermal liquefaction The third process is macroalgae-based Hydrothermal liquefaction and it is evaluated from the same two effeiciencies as the microalgae processes. 10% av En genomsnittlig kärnreaktor, ungefär 1300 hektar 34500 ton dumpas I Östersjön varje år (siffra från 2000) 16

Salinity difference at the sites Salinity o/oo psu Tjärnö (TJÖ) 22.7 Tjörn (GBG) 20.0 Helsingborg (HBG) 11.6 Trelleborg (TBG) 8.2 Åhus (ÅHS) 7.3 Karlskrona (KKR) 7.1 Västervik (VSV) 6.5 Stockholm (STH) 5.5 Based on averages of available environmental data of locations near the collection sites for 0-1m depth and in June, July, August and September

Compositional overview Norway Stockholm

Ash Almost exclusively population variance Follows the trend of the salinity

Compositional overview

Large increase in rhamnose on the east coast Iduronic and glucuronic acid also increases on the east coast

Compositional overview

Fatty acid content Most abundant FAs are: C18:1, C12 and C16

Overview of the elemental composition Sulfur levels higher in Baltic than Atlantic sites Total metal content lowest for HBG and TBG N content highest for Atlantic sites

Elements found

Processing – Hydrothermal liquefaction Biomass decomposition Bio-crude Bio-char Residue (Aqueous phase) Gas Ca 250-400 °C and 4 to 22 MPa

Highest aqueous phase residue for samples with high inorganic content High solid bio-char for Helsingborg and Trelleborg Low metal content in biomass, but high “other” (unidentified) elements contribute to bio-char Bio-crude and gas phase yields comparatively stable

Energy content in bio-crude

Main conclusions Our results indicate that the ulvan content increases as a response to growth in low salinity waters The difference in composition have little effect on HTL processing HTL probably more suitable for processing residues

Outlook Measure amino acids Multivariate analysis Potentially LCA type analysis to evaluate environmental benefit

Acknowledgements Supervisors Collaborators Funding Eva Albers Göran Nylund Ingrid Undeland Collaborators Sonia Raikova Chris Chuck Joshua Mayers Eric Malmhäll-Bah Viktor Andersson Funding