Litosfären och plattektonik Kap 13 och Berg&Jord (SNA)

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Presentationens avskrift:

Litosfären och plattektonik Kap 13 och Berg&Jord (SNA)

Jordklotets uppbygnad sammanställning Kärnan Manteln Skorpan

Jordens innersta delen Kärnan Jordens center 3500 km i radius Uppdelad i inre kärnan – fast form Yttre kärnan – flytande Sammanställd av järn och ett mindre del nickel 3000 till 5000 grader C

Jordens innersta delen Manteln 2900 km tjock Sammanställd av mafiska mineraler som olivin och ultramafiska mineraler som peridotit 2800 till 1800 grader C.

Jordens innersta delen Skorpan 8 till 40 km tjock Mest magmatiska bergarter, med mycket metamorfiska och ett tunn lager sedimentära bergarter. Skarpa gränsen mellan skorpan och manteln heter Mohorovicic diskontinuitet eller Moho

Skorpan Kontinentala skorpan är sammanställt av 2 delar: Nedre, mafiska lager (högre densitet) Övre, felsiska lager. (lägre densitet, mest granit) Havsbassänger är sammanställt av en del: Nästan bara mafiska bergarter - gabbro och basalt Skorpan är mycket tjockare under kontinenterna (35km) än havsbassänger (7km).

Litosfär och Astenosfär Litosfären Yttre skala av fast bergartsmaterial bruten i litosfäriska plattor, Inkluderar skorpan och översta delen av manteln. 60 till 150 km tjock Astenosfären Ett mjukt plastiskt lager lokaliserad under litosfären Litosfären rör sig över astenosfären Temperaturen up till 1400 C

Geologic Time Scale Era Period Epoch Duration Holocene 10,000 yrs Pleistocene 10,000 to 2 my Pliocene 2 to 5 my Cenozoic Miocene 5 to 24 my Oligocene 24 to 37 my Eocene 37 to 58 my Paleocene 58 to 66 my Cretaceous 66 to 144 my Mesozoic Jurassic 144 to 208 my Triassic 208 to 245 my Permian 245 to 286 my Carboniferous 286 to 360 my Paleozoic Devonian 360 to 408 my Silurian 408 to 438 my Ordovician 438 to 505 my Cambrian 505 to 570 my

Globala Relief Former Kontinenterna – 29% av Jordens yta Havsbassänger – 71% av Jordens yta Kontinentalthyllan/-sockeln - 6% av ytan Gränsområdet mellan hav och kontinent

Relief former av kontinenterna Uppdelning i två grupper Aktiva bältor av fjällskedje bildning (orogenes) Tektonisk aktivitet Vulkanisk aktivitet Inaktiva regioner av gamla stabila bergarter. Kontinentala sköldar

Kontinentala plattor

Inaktiva regioner av gamla bergarter Kontinentala Skölder Inaktiva regioner av gamla bergarter

Fjällkedjans Rötter Rester av gamla fjällkedjor Paleozoiska och tidigt mesozoiska sedimentära bergarter Intensivt vikning och i platser metamorfos Eroderad över många million år Kaledonider (Britain, Scandinavia, Maritimes and New England) Appalachians (eastern U.S.)

Relief fenomen i hav Kenozoisk och Mesozoisk ålder Former Midoceanisk fjällkedjan Abyssala slätter Kontinentala Sockeln Kontinentala höjning Kontinentala sluttning Kontinentala sockeln

Relief fenomen i hav

Djuphavs slätter (abyssal plains) Djupa, platta slätter på havsbotten 5000 m under havsnivå Stora mängder sediment från havströmer

Passiva Kontinentala Kanten

Djuphavs kon av sediment

Plattektonik Alla former av brytning och vikning of litosfären, inkl. skorpan Tektoniska Processer inkluderar Förlängning  pulling apart  faulting Sammantryckning  crushing, squeezing together  folding and faulting

Kompressions Tektonisk Aktivitet Overturned Recumbent Overthrusting Overthrust fault

Plattrörelse och interaktioner Two types of lithospheric plates Ocean lithosphere and continental lithosphere Lithosphere floats on the asthenosphere. Ocean and continental lithosphere ‘float’ at different levels Plates are simultaneously undergoing both accretion and consumption. Rates of each determine the size of the plate

Plate Motions – Spreading Boundaries Plate spreading allows magma to rise to the surface to form new crust. Basaltic magma congeals in the rift At depth under the rift, magma solidifies into gabbro Basalt and gabbro form new oceanic crust

Plate Motions - Subduction Thin ocean plate is subducted under the thicker less dense continental plate Leading edge of the plate is cooler and denser and sinks under its own weight once subduction is initiated. Eventually the plate melts, denser mantle rocks become part of the mantle Less dense oceanic and continental sediments become magma and rise to the surface forming chains of volcanoes.

Transform Förkastning Plates not converging or diverging but sliding past each other along a transform fault. Associated with mid-oceanic ridges Earthquakes

Plate Boundaries Summarized Spreading boundaries New lithosphere is created Converging boundaries Sea floor spreading along the axial rift Lithosphere is being consumed – subduction Along active continental margins Transform boundaries Plates are moving horizontally past each other along a transform fault

Platt gränser Transform gräns Spridnings gräns Konvergerande gräns

Lithospheriska Plattor - Pacific

Lithospheriska Plattor - Atlantic

Lithospheric Plates, North Pole

Lithospheric Plates - Antarctica

Subduction Tectonics At converging boundaries Zones of intense tectonic and volcanic activity Two lithospheric plates converge at an ocean trench. Sediments carried along on the converging plates are deformed as they are carried down with the moving plates.

Subduction Tectonics An accretionary prism is formed from wedges of sediment. Metamorphism New continental crust is formed. The accretionary prism tends to rise = tectonic crest or tectonic arc. A forearc trough forms between the tectonic crest and the mainland and acts as a trap for additional sediment.

Subduktions Tektonik

Continent to Continent Collisions Converging lithospheric plates carry two continental masses into collision with each other. Creates an orogeny in which crustal rocks are folded and faulted into nappes. Plates are permanently united in a continental suture. During the Cenozoic period – Atlas Mtns, Himalayas, Alps were all formed

Kontinent till Kontinent kollision

Arc Continent Collisions During subduction, pieces of the earth’s crust are moved along and collide into adjacent continents. Volcanic island arcs Microcontinents These bits and pieces are called terranes. Original locations can be determined using paleomagnetic methods

Kontinentalt spridning Skorpan lyfts och bryts ihop Smal hav utvecklas Havsbassängen utvecklas, sediment tillförs från passiva kontinentala gränser

Kraften som driver plattektonik Värme från radioaktivt nedbryttning av ostabila isotoper I skorpan och manteln.

Continents of the Past 300 my bp, the earth’s continents were joined together in a large supercontinent called Pangaea. Theory proposed by Alfred Wegener, in the early 1900’s. Evidence included: Distribution of fossils and plant species Glaciations His explanation of the way the continents moved was weak and highly criticized.

Continents of the Past During the 1960s, seismologists showed lithospheric plates are in motion Evidence based on magnetic data from the rocks on either side of plate boundaries. Continents are moving today and have for at least the past 2 billion years.

Supercontinent Cycle