Undertextning Lars Jämterud, doktorand Språk och kultur i Europa, IKK

Undertextning ”All of us have, at one time or another, left a movie theater wanting to kill the translator. Our motive: the movie’s murder by incomptetent subtitle” (Norne ”For an Abusive Subtitling”) AVT – Audiovisual Translation Intralingval Bilingval Interlingval Översättning mellan olika semiotiska system – Roman Jakobson (1959)

Översättning, tolkning, adaption Översättning Tolkning Adaption She rode the bloody horse to the market, and sold it as dog food. Hon red den blodiga hästen till marknaden, och sålde den som hundmat. Hon tog den jävla hästen till marknaden och där sålde hon den, att göra köttfärs av åt hundarna. Hon ledde den skadade hästen till marknaden, där några tog hand om den. Han körde bilskrället till skroten, där han sålde det.

”Most recipients in AVT constitute non-specialist and non-homogeneous audiences, therefore a viable balance needs to be struck between what is presupposed and what is openly stated.” ( Łukasz Bogucki, The Journal of Specialised Translation, , p 77)

Kort historik 1903 Intertitle 1927 The Jazz Singer (Al Jolson. Dialogue)Dialogue Methods 1930 Leif Eriksen – mechanical Chemical, mechancial, laser, electronic, digital Frame rate Cinema – often 24 fps (3D=144) TV – often 25 fps From professional, manual teamwork to speech recognition, automatic scene recognition, machine translation and fansubs

Översättningsformat Biograf TV Internet (streaming, fansubs, etc.) Övrig multimedia (museum, informationsfilm, installation, spel) Plattformsoberoende Vad är undertextning? prepared, written communication; it acts as an additive and synchronous semiotic channel, and it is part of a transient and polysemiotic text. (Gottlieb, 2005:16)

För- och nackdelar med undertextning ”Rent” Dubbning Voice-over Undertextning - Stör det visuella intrycket - Drar ögat från det som händer i bild - Allt kommer inte med - Felaktigheter + Rätt röster och intonation + Kommunikation är mer än språk; gester, kroppsspråk mm. bibehålls i ”originalskick” + Pedagogik

Praktiska grunder Text och bild Antal rader Radlängd Denna text tar sannolikt lite längre tid för ögat att läsa Denna text tar sannolikt lite kortare tid för ögat att läsa Placering

Dynamic placement Flerspråkiga länder The Nightwatch Loaded Weapon Anime

Praktiska grunder, forts. Tidkodning Sex-sekundersregeln Genremedvetenhet Tal- och skriftspråk

Konventioner En insättning = en sammanhållen semantisk enhet. Flera rader … Talstreck Kursiveringar, understrykningar Förkortningar On-screen, off-screen Sånger

Reduktion, expansion, översättning When he was on his way to work, he met her at the railway station coffee shop. På väg till jobbet träffade han henne på järnvägsstationen. - What now? - Lt. Stevens. - Vad är det om? - Löjtnant Stevens vill prata med dig i telefon. - How are you? - Hur är det?

TCP – Translation Crisis Point (Pedersen, 2007) ”I’m jonesin’ for a Hersey bar” (Boston Legal) ”God rules” (Packer, Concise Theology) Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Colin Powell (Interview with Colin Powell, 2007)

My own PhD Project – The Subtitler’s Voice Research questions: To what extent is it possible to discern a subtitler’s individual “voice” in the material I am using? What are good/reasonable indicators to use when trying to establish what the subtitler’s voice is? New version: What ‘voice’ can be found through omissions and additions in subtitling?

Pilot Study – ESIST material European Association for Studies in Screen Translation ESIST Project short film clips Slow play; documentary with cultural elements and a song; fast dialogue drama 48 companies/broadcasters, 18 languages, 25 countries 4 Swedish Some findings…

Condensation rate A measurement of how much of the ST has been reduced in the TT, shown as a percentage and based on a simple word count. Pedersen (2007, 2011) shows that Swedish condensation in ten rapid dialogue extracts ranges from 20% -- 44% ESIST: 31-47% in rapid dialogue Loaded; 7-14% in slow speech The Sherman Plays. On average % reduction ST->TT Subtitler words all in all (877 in English)

One-liners/two-liners ESIST % one-liners : Sherman PlaysBoom Boom BangLoadedAverage ,737,6 3 42,904,817,8 4 78,457,630,858,3 Pedersen: 27-36%

ECR – Extralinguistic Cultural References Origin alOrang Asli*ikan*island Lankawieduty-freecurse of MahsuriTwin Towersmulti-corridor S 2de infödda0LangkawitullfrittMahsuris förbannelseTwin TowersMultimedia Super Corridor generalisationOmissiongeneralisationdirect translation retentionSpecification 3urbefolkningenfiskö Langkawieskattefriförbannelse av MahsuriTwin Towerso.s.v. generalisationdirect translation substitutiondirect translationretentionOmission 4Orang asliikanö Langkawiduty-freeplågor för MahsuriTwin TowersMotorvägssystemet Retentionretentiondirect translationretentiongeneralisationretention generalisation/ misunderstanding * Here the subtitlers were given script info that Orang Asli are an indigenous people and that ikan means “fish”

Register/lexical choice/form of address OriginalMiss JohnBack translationMasterBack translationYouBack translation 2 -Miss John! -Why do you call me Miss. John? I am Marie! And you are my master. Miss0Lärare”Master”/”teacher”Ni”you”; second person singular Miss0 3 0Herre”Master”/”lord”Ni”you”; second person singular Miss0 4 Fröken”Miss”Mästare Master/? Du”you”; first person singular Fröken”Miss” Excerpt from The Sherman Plays:

Time-coding/segmentation Original from Loaded (08:17—08:24): (Camera angle: medium shot on Young Man; pans over from Point of View of Young Man to Young Girl before we hear Young Girl’s line:) Young Man: Did he shoot himself? Young Girl: I don’t know. She never talks about it. Swedish subtitles (subtitler 2) Back translation: Sköt han sig? Did he shoot himself? PAUSE – 18 frames Vet inte. Hon pratar aldrig om det. Don’t know. She never talks about it. Swedish subtitles (subtitler 3) Back translation: -Sköt han sig? -Vet inte. Hon pratar inte om det. -Did he shoot himself? -Don’t know. She doesn’t talk about it.

Sahlin, Ingrid. Tal och undertexter i textade svenska TV-program probleminventering och förslag till en analysmodell, Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis: Gothenburg, Schröter, Thomas. Shun the Pun, Rescue the Rhyme? Universitetstryckeriet: Karlstad, Rossholm, Anna Sofia. Reproducing Languages, Translating Bodies – Approaches to Speech, Translation and Cultural Identity in Early European Sound Film, Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis: Stockholm, Eng, Thérèse. Traduire l'oral en une ou deux lignes : étude traductologique du sous-titrage français de films suédois contemporains. Växjö University Press: Växjö, Pedersen, Jan. Scandinavian Subtitles - A Comparative Study of Subtitling norms in Sweden and Denmark with a Focus on Extralinguistic Cultural References, Stockholm University: Stockholm, Mattsson, Jenny. The subtitling of discourse particles : a corpus-based study of well, you know, I mean, and like, and their Swedish translations in ten American films, University of Gothenburg: Gothenburg, 2009.

Referenser Bogucki, Łukasz. The Journal of Specialised Translation, 1, Díaz Cintas, Jorge & Aline Remael. Audiovisual Translation: Subtitling., St. Jerome Publishing: Manchester, Gottlieb, Henrik Screen translation Eight studies in subtitling, dubbing and voice-over. 5th ed. Copenhagen: The Faculty of Humanities, University of Copenhagen Ivarsson, Jan & Mary Caroll. Subtitling. Transedit: Simrishamn, Jakobson, Roman, ”On Linguistic Aspects of Translation”; ects_of_Translation.pdf Nornes, Abé Mark. ”For an Abusive Subtitling”, Film Quarterly. 52, No. 3, (1999): Pedersen, Jan. Scandinavian Subtitles - A Comparative Study of Subtitling norms in Sweden and Denmark with a Focus on Extralinguistic Cultural References, Stockholm University, Schröter, Thomas. Shun the Pun, Rescue the Rhyme? Universitetstryckeriet: Karlstad, 2005.

Lars Jämterud