Jordskorpans sammanställning

Kristall struktur av kvarts (SiO 2 )

Bergarter och mineraler Mineral –En naturlig förekommande, icke-organisk, substans som vanligtvis har en definitivt kemisk sammanställning och typisk atom struktur. De flesta mineraler har en kristallstruktur. T.ex. Diamanter, kvarts Bergarter är kombinationer av mineraler I fast form. T.ex. Uppland granit

Bergarts klassificering Magmatiska (Igneous) –Stelnad från smältad mineral material. Sedimentära (Sedimentary) –Lagrade akkumulering av mineral partiklar som kommer från vittring och erosion av bestäende bergrund. Metamorfa (Metamorphic) –Formerad från magmatiska eller sedimentära bergarter som har omvandlads fysiskt eller kemisk genom hög tryck eller temperatur.

Magmatiska bergarter Form when molten material cools: –Intrusive igneous rock – cools slowly inside the earth leading to large crystals –Extrusive igneous rock – cools quickly outside the earth leading to small crystals. Most are silicate minerals – compounds of silicon and oxygen. Most also include one or more of aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium

Klassificering baserad på densitet Felsic Rocks –Lowest density –Light in color –Minerals rich in aluminum and potassium –Includes quartz, potash feldspar, plagioclase feldspar Mafic Rocks –Intermediate density –Darker in color –Rich in iron, magnesium, and calcium –Includes mica, amphibole and pyroxine groups.

Svensk klassificering av magmatiska bergarter Vulkaniska (basalt) Gångbergarter (diabas) Djupbergarter (granit, gabbro) basalt granit

Common Igneous Rocks Intrusive vs Extrusive Intrusive Igneous Rocks Extrusive Igneous Rocks GraniteRhyoliteFelsic minerals – quartz, feldspars, mica DioriteAndesiteFelsic minerals without quartz GabbroBasaltMafic minerals, PeridotiteUltramafic minerals

Sedimentary Rocks Sediments can be: –Clastic Inorganic rock and mineral fragments. –Chemically precipitated Inorganic mineral compounds precipitated from a saline solution or as hard parts of organisms. –Organic sediments Accumulations of the tissues of plants and animals.

Sedimentary Rock Types ClasticChemically Precipitated Organic Sedimentary Sandstone Conglomerate Shale Mudstone Limestone Dolomite Potash Salt Coal Peat Oil Shales

Metamorphic Rock Altered by heat and pressure Mineral components are reconstituted into different mineral varieties –Slate (shale) –Schist (shale that is further metamorphosed) –Quartzite (sandstone) –Marble (limestone) –Gneiss Relics of sedimentary strata to which new mineral matter has been added from nearby intrusive sources