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Per-Åke Andersson 031-786 1353 per-ake.andersson@economics.gu.se
Globalisering och utveckling Karlstad Universitet, HT2010 F2: Smith and Ricardo Per-Åke Andersson
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”Traditionella” handelsteorier
Teorier kring varför länder handlar med varandra och konsekvenserna av restriktioner på internationell handel utgör ett av de äldsta områdena inom nationalekonomi: Adam Smith och absoluta fördelar (1776) David Ricardo och komparativa fördelar (1817) Heckscher-Ohlin (1933 & 1949)
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TRADE IN AN INDIVIDUAL PRODUCT
Figure 2.1 The Effects of Trade on Production, Consumption, and Price of Cloth Price of Cloth Quantity of Cloth India’s Cloth Market p* PINDIA Exports a F b Q3 Q4 QINDIA SINDIA DINDIA Price of Cloth Quantity of Cloth U.S. Cloth Market PUS p* E c d Q1 Q2 QUS SUS DUS Imports
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TRADE IN AN INDIVIDUAL PRODUCT
Figure 2.1 The Effects of Trade on Production, Consumption, and Price of Cloth International Price of Cloth International Quantity of Cloth International Market for Cloth p* G QW SW DW
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TRADE BASED ON ABSOLUTE ADVANTAGE
Consider the example again involving the U.S. and India Only two products are produced, machines and cloth Labor is fixed, homogeneous within a country, the only factor of production, and is fully utilized Technology and production costs are constant Transportation costs are zero and the countries barter for goods
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TRADE BASED ON ABSOLUTE ADVANTAGE
Table 2.1 Absolute Advantage: Production Conditions When Each Country Is More Efficient in the Production of One Commodity One Person Per Day of Labor Produces Country Machines Cloth U.S. 5 machines 10 yards of cloth India 2 machines 15 yards of cloth
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TRADE BASED ON ABSOLUTE ADVANTAGE
Table 2.2 Change in World Output Resulting from Specialization According to Absolute Advantage Change in the Production of Country Machines Cloth U.S. +5 machines –10 yards of cloth India –2 machines +15 yards of cloth Change in World Output +3 machines +5 yards of cloth
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Smith, modell Åtgången av arbetskraft, mätt i timmar per varuenhet, kan beskrivas av följande tabell Sektor Mexiko USA Industri (I) 6 2 Jordbruk (J)
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Smith, produktionsmöjlighetskurva
industri industri USA Mexiko 50 50 25 25 25 50 25 50 jordbruk jordbruk
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Smith, modell Efterfrågan: Anta att båda länderna konsumerar lika mycket industri- som jordbruksprodukter. Ingen handel (för given efterfrågan): Båda länderna producerar 12,5 industrivaror och 12,5 jordbruksprodukter. OBS För att kunna producera efterfrågad kvantitet krävs att de 100 timmarna i respektive land delad upp enligt: Mexiko USA Industri 75 h / 6 = 12,5 25 h / 2 = 12,5 Jordbruk
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Smith, ny konsumtionsmöjlighetskurva
industri industri USA Mexiko 50 50 25 25 25 50 25 50 jordbruk jordbruk
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Slutsats, Smith, absoluta fördelar
Specialisering och handel möjliggör att båda länderna kan förflytta sig utanför den tidigare resurs- och produktivitetsbegränsningen, vilket leder till ökad konsumtion.
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Ricardo, komparativa fördelar
Vad händer om ett land har absoluta fördelar i produktion av alla varor? Enligt Smiths teori => ingen handel. David Ricardo visade 1817 att det räcker med relativa (komparativa) fördelar för att handel ska bli intressant.
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TRADE BASED ON COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE
Table 2.3 Comparative Advantage: Production Conditions When the U.S. Is More Efficient in the Production of Both Commodities One Person Per Day of Labor Produces Country Machines Cloth Relative Cost U.S. 5 machines 15 yards of cloth 1M = 3C India 1 machine 5 yards of cloth 1M = 5C
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TRADE BASED ON COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE
Table 2.4 Change in World Output Resulting from Specialization According to Comparative Advantage Change in the Production of Country Machines Cloth U.S. +5 machines –15 yards of cloth India –3 machines +15 yards of cloth Change in World Output +2 machines 0 yards of cloth
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TRADE BASED ON OPPORTUNITY COSTS
Table 2.6 Production and Consumption With and Without Trade: Based on an Exchange Rate of 1 Machine = 4 yds. of Cloth Country U.S. India Production at Full Employment 100 machines 0 yds. of cloth 0 machines 300 yds. of cloth Consumption with Trade 50 machines 200 yds. of cloth 100 yds. of cloth Domestic Production and Consumption Without Trade (autarky) 150 yds. of cloth 40 machines Gaines from Specialization and Trade 50 yds. of cloth 10 machines
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THE PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES FRONTIER AND CONSTANT COSTS
Table 3.2 Production Possibilities Schedules for the U.S. and India at Full Employment U.S. India Number of Machines Yds. of Cloth 100 60 90 30 50 80 40 70 150 120 20 200 10 250 180 300 210 240 270
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THE PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES FRONTIER AND CONSTANT COSTS
Figure 3.1 Production Possibilities Frontiers Under Constant Costs for the U.S. and India B C U.S. Cloth Machines 150 300 A 50 100 MRT = –3 C’ B’ 100 INDIA Cloth Machines 300 A’ 40 60 MRT = –5
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THE PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES FRONTIER AND CONSTANT COSTS
Figure 3.2 Specialization and Trade Under Constant Costs U.S. Cloth Machines 150 300 50 100 200 E Exports Imports A D 100 India Cloth Machines 300 40 60 50 E’ Imports Exports A’ D’
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THE TERMS OF TRADE Table 3.4 Production and Consumption With and Without Trade: Based on an Exchange Rate of 1 Machine = 3.5 yds. of Cloth Country U.S. India Production at Full Employment 100 machines 0 yds. of cloth 0 machines 300 yds. of cloth Consumption with Trade 50 machines 175 yds. of cloth 125 yds. of cloth Domestic Production and Consumption Without Trade (autarky) 150 yds. of cloth 40 machines 100 yds. of cloth Gaines from Specialization and Trade 25 yds. of cloth 10 machines
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THE TERMS OF TRADE Figure 3.4 Changes in Terms of Trade for the U.S. and India U.S. Cloth Machines 150 300 50 100 200 E A D F 175 100 India Cloth Machines 300 40 60 50 A’ D’ E’ F’ 125
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Ricardo, summering Handelsmönstret bestäms av komparativa fördelar.
Handel leder till fullständig specialisering. Samma relativpriser i båda länderna. Båda länderna tjänar på handel. Vilket land tjänar mest? Kolla relativpriserna!!
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