Språkfamiljer (language families) Språklig mångfald (linguistic diversity) Hotade språk (endangered languages)

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Språkfamiljer (language families) Språklig mångfald (linguistic diversity) Hotade språk (endangered languages)

Språkfamiljer Definition: Ett antal språk med gemensamt ursprung (gemensamt moderspråk, gemensam stamfader).

Indo-europeiska språk

Semitiska språk a_and_Waves_Models_of_Classification._Sem itic_Languages_ch._9 3 olika klassifikationer

Turkiska språk

Problem med familjemodellen Vad är ett språk och vad är en dialekt? dialektkontinuum holländska-tyska; svenska-norska-danska; hindi-urdu; persiska: farsi, dari, tadjikiska; exempel inom turkiska språkfamiljen? exempel inom semitiska språkfamiljen?

Kontaktlingvistik förändrar trädstrukturen Substrat: när lager av tidigare talade språk finns kvar i det nya språket, t.ex. efter en invasion som involverar språkbyte i regionen (erövrarnas språk blir dominerande) (keltiskt substrat i engelska, arameiskt substrat i arabiska, sogdiskt substrat i persiska/turkiska, grekiskt substrat i turkiska) Adstrat kontakt: när två språk med jämbördig status står i långvarig kontakt och konvergerar (tadjikiska och uzbekiska) Superstrat: när lager av tidigare talade språk finns kvar i det nya språket, t.ex. efter en invasion som involverar språkbyte för de inkommande till det språk som talas i regionen (normandiska (franska) substrat i engelska, arabiskt s, grekiskt substrat i turkiska)

Konvergens T.ex. satsstrukturen i turkiska språk under påverkan av iranska och slaviska språk T.ex. ezafe-konstruktionen i persiska under påverkan av semitiska språk

Evolutionsmodellen Under the family tree model, a language is only allowed to have one parent, and contact phenomena tend to be pushed under the carpet. This is true, but the emphasis on contact risks overlooking what is modeled in a family tree, namely the generational continuity of a language.

Språklig mångfald Genetisk mångfald: Antalet språkfamiljer i ett visst område (semitiska språk, turkiska språk, indo-europeiska språk, kaukasiska språk) Språktäthet: antalet språk i ett visst område (t.ex. nordöstra Indien, Kaukasus) Intrafamiljär och intraspråklig variation: Skillnader mellan språk inom en viss språkfamilj. Skillnader mellan olika varianter av ett språk (lekter). Dialekt (övergripande term): geolekt, sociolekt, genuslekt, generatiolekt, idiolekt (geolect, sociolect, genderlect, generatiolect, idiolect) Typologisk mångfald: variation i språkstrukturer (right-branching/left-branching) Arabiska högerlänkande, hindi, turkiska vänsterlänkande, Iranska i ett mellanläge Se Donald Stilos artikel i Linguistic convergence and Areal diffusion.

Är den språkliga mångfalden hotad? Ca. 6500–7000 språk Globalisering, nya möjligheter för regional och global kommunikation Upp till 90% av alla språk skulle kunna vara försvunna rund 2100.

Inhemska språk – immigranters språk Immigranters språk i Sverige (talas i de länder immigranterna kommer ifrån) Inhemska regionala språk, t.ex. samiska

En modell för språkbyte: 5, 4 eller 3 generationer L1 L1 L2 L2 L1 L2 L1 L1 L2 L2 L1 L2 L1 L1 L2 L2

Hotade språk, olika grader safe at risk disappearing moribund nearly extinct extinct

Språkdomäner H och L domäner Traditionella och nya domäner diglossi MSA och de lokala dialekterna

Safe A language is considered safe when all generations use the language in all or nearly all domains. It has a large speaker base relative to others spoken in the same region and, therefore, typically functions as the language of government, education, and commerce. Many safe languages enjoy official status within nation-states, and as such tend to be held in higher prestige than other languages.

At risk A language is at risk when it is vital (being learned and used by people of all different age groups) without any observable pattern of a shrinking speaker base, but lacks some of the properties of a safe language: for example, it is spoken in a limited number of domains or has a smaller number of speakers than other languages in the same region.

Disappearing A language is disappearing when there is an observable shift towards another language in the communities where it is spoken. With an overall decreasing proportion of intergenerational transfer, the speaker base shrinks because it is not being replenished. Disappearing languages are consequently used in a more restricted set of domains, and a language of wider communication begins to replace it in a greater percentage of homes.

Ännu mer hotade Moribund: A moribund language is one that is not being transmitted to children. Nearly Extinct: A language can be considered nearly extinct when only a handful of speakers of the oldest generation remain. Extinct: An extinct language is one with no remaining speakers.

Vad går förlorat? Language is a key part of each person’s identity and is an essential component of a group’s cultural and social heritage. Loss of language also means a loss of intellectual wealth. Language loss means a decline in sources about the range of human language and its limitations.

Olika typer av förlust sudden radical gradual top to bottom

Hur vitalt är ett språk? 1. Intergenerational transmission 2. Absolute number of speakers 3. Proportion of speakers within the total population 4. Trends in existing language domains 5. Response to new domains and media 6. Materials for language education and literacy 7. Governmental and institutional attitudes and policies, including official status and use 8. Community members’ attitudes toward their own language 9. Amount and quality of documentation.

Varför språkbyte? urbanization globalization social dislocation and cultural dislocation. imbalances in prestige and power between the local language and culture and the language of wider communication and dominant culture(s)